Novel Urinary Biomarkers of Orange Juice Consumption, Interindividual Variability, and Differences with Processing Methods

Untargeted metabolomics identified urinary biomarkers able to discriminate between the intake of fresh hand-squeezed and industrially processed orange juices. Processing led an upregulation in excretion hydroxy-polymethoxyflavone sulfates, abscisic acid, sinapic acid 4′-glucuronide. The demethylated polymethoxyflavone metabolites were produced with a significant interindividual variability suggesting that they could originate from gut microbiota metabolism. No correlation levels flavanone was observed, showing metabolism differences be behind variability. Subjects high level hesperetin conjugates low or excretors. Flavanone phase II primarily glucuronides, while those polymethoxyflavones mainly sulfates. A comparative study available standards suggested humans tentatively 4′-hydroxy- and/or 3′-hydroxy-polymethoxyflavone This is first describe bioavailability citrus juice humans.